WASTE DISPOSAL: Waste disposal is an increasing problem, especially in ur ban areas. What can governments and individuals do to reduce the amount of rubbish that is produced? (G, A)________________________________________________________
Everybody contributes to pollution and waste. However much of the waste produced consists of packaging materials. Disposing of all this rubbish is a growing problem. Most of it is thrown in landfills, which are not only ugly, but also dangerous.
Cities have even bigger problem than rural areas but I believe there is a lot both individuals and governments can do to reduce the rubbish problem. Governments can take action to reduce the environmental damage caused by rubbish, but for their policies to work, individuals must also be involved. The production of any new thing involves the use of energy. If individuals and companies reduced the amount of raw materials and energy used in the manufacturing of packaging, or if a product’s lifetime could be extended by repairing it or passing it on to someone else who could use it, then energy could be saved and less waste produced. Recycling also reduces the need for raw materials as well as the amount of waste buried in landfill sites.Governments can help individuals and companies do these things by requiring that retail outlets and manufacturers take back packaging from their products.
Councils could provide conventionally located public recycling bins or supply containers, so citizens could sort their rubbish and have it picked up. They could also introduce deposits to encourage the re-use of glass containers and plastic bags.Recycling is great, but it is not the best solution. We would save more resources and reduce pollution and waste by simply not producing as much in the first place. The best thing a government could do is educating about waste prevention. It is my belief that if governments really want to reduce the rubbish problem, they should do a better job of educating the public through high-profile awareness campaigns on waste production.
(300 words)
ROAD ACCIDENTS: A large number of deaths are caused by road accidents. Why do so many road
accidents occur? Make recommendations that would help to reduce the number of road accidents. (G, A)
Road accidents are responsible for the deaths of an ever-increasing number of people. Before solutions to this problem can be found it is necessary to examine the main causes of accidents: vehicle roadworthiness, road conditions and human error.
Many accidents are caused by inadequate vehicle maintenance, for example driving with defective brakes or bald tyres which increase the stopping time. Regular mechanical inspections would help reduce the number of unworthy vehicles on the roads.
Road conditions also contribute to accidents. Heavy rain, fog or snow, can make roads slippery and accidents may occur. In addition, narrow, winding roads and road surfaces which are in a state of disrepair contribute to the number of road fatalities. A greater proportion of money needs to be designated to improving roads and providing clear road signs.
The third cause of accidents is driver error. Drunken driving and excessive speed are frequently the cause of drivers misjudging distance and losing control of their vehicles. Other examples are drivers failing to signal a turn and overtaking other cars without due care. Although these problems of human error are the most difficult to resolve, advertising campaigns have proved effective in educating drivers about road hazards. Furthermore, harsher penalties such as heavy fines and suspension of license could be applied to discourage such dangerous behavior.
In conclusion, although it is inevitable that some accidents will occur, there are ways to reduce their frequency. Governments need to put in place stricter vehicle tests and penalize careless drivers more severely. It is also necessary to allocate more money to maintaining and upgrading roads and educating drivers. By implementing these measures, the roads will be safer for everyone.
(277 words)
JOBS FOR WOMEN: High-level jobs are more frequently held by men than women. Should the government, therefore make a law requiring that a number of these positions be set aside for _________________________________________ women? (A)_____
The issue of unequal employment distribution is social, not something based purely on competence. Traditionally, many jobs required manual and or physical skills and as men were usually stronger, they were sometimes better suited to these. Women were traditionally employed in the home. As society has changed, many types of employment have also changed. Many important jobs require people with excellent communication and teamwork skills. Men still tend to hold the positions of power, but this does not necessarily mean they are the best suited to them.
Many high-paying, demanding jobs carrying a lot of responsibility are often held by men. I do not feel this situation has come about because women are incapable of doing this high-level work, but rather because of tradition. To alter this balance, I think the government should reserve a percentage of these jobs for women.
Added to this, many women have now either chosen to work outside the home, or have to for financial reasons. There are larger numbers of qualified, skilled women vying for highly paid, responsible positions and many hit what is referred to as "a glass ceiling". Women can only get promoted to a certain level and can not gain a higher position. There are frequent reports of this happening in the banking and finance industries where management is male dominated. Having children and leaving the workforce for periods of time can also disadvantage women, as women may not be offered the same opportunities to gain valuable experience. If there were a government quota or positive discrimination for the hiring women in high-level positions, the situation could be improved.
On the other hand, there are many arguments against the use of a quota system.
It is true that some discrimination could be reversed but equally it is true that qualified men might be denied jobs while unqualified women benefit. Also, the problem of sexism at work could be worsened. People may question whether a woman was capable or deserved her job. Women may also resent the fact that their job may have been awarded as a matter of statistics, as opposed to being earned.Others also feel strongly that setting jobs aside for people based on anything but skill and performance is wrong and unfair. They say someone should only get a job if they have the necessary qualifications, experience or skill set.
To sum up, despite the many arguments against quotas, I do believe a quota system may break down some barriers in the short-term. Sexism in the workplace will not vanish overnight but quotas may help men and women work toward accepting the equal sharing of power and responsibility.
(440 words)
CHILDREN’S PAID WORK: In many countries children are engaged in some kind of paid work.
Some people regard this as completely wrong, while others consider it a valuable work experience, important for learning and taking responsibility. What are your opinions on this? You should use your own ideas, knowledge and experience and support your arguments with examples and relevant evidence. (A)
The issue of children doing paid work is a complex and sensitive one. It is difficult to say who has the right to judge whether children working is ‘wrong’ or ‘valuable’. Opinions will also differ as to ‘learning’ benefits: no doubt teachers and factory owners, for example, would have varying concerns.
An important consideration is the kind of work undertaken. Young children doing arduous and repetitive tasks on a factory production line, for example, are less likely to be ‘learning’ than older children helping in an old people’s home. There are health and safety issues to be considered as well. It is an unfortunate fact that many employers may prefer to use the services of children simply to save money by paying them less than adults and it this type of exploitation that should be discouraged.
However, in many countries children work because their families need the additional income, no matter how small. This was certainly the case in the past in many individualized countries, and it is very difficult to judge that it is wrong for children today to contribute to the family income in this way.
Nevertheless, in better economic circumstances, few parents would choose to send their children out to full-time paid work. If learning responsibilities and work experience are considered to be important, then children can acquire these by having light, part-time or even doing tasks such as helping their parents around the family home, which are unpaid, but undoubtedly of value in children’s development.
(249 words)
IMMUNISATION: No one wants a child to be harmed or killed by a disease or by a vaccination
and parents want to make informed decisions about immunisation. However, there is much conflicting information. Some governments have made immunisation compulsory. Is the controversy about whether to vaccinate or not or freedom of choice? (A)
No one wants a child to be harmed or killed by a disease or by a vaccination. A parent wants to make an informed decision about immunisation. This can be worrying because the different information available makes it difficult to decide what is true. In some places the responsibility for that decision has been removed from parents because the government has made immunisation compulsory. I will argue the issue is not whether to vaccinate or not but freedom of choice.
It seems that almost every month newspaper articles and television programs tell about the dangers of vaccines. We are told about greedy vaccine manufacturers and doctors who do not care. This means that parents are often very worried about the danger of immunising their children.
On the other hand, we are told about the dangers of not being immunised - you may catch diseases that used to kill thousands of people in the past. If even a small percentage of this population isn’t immunised and the chances of catching the diseases suddenly rises to high levels and everyone is put at risk.
Because of this, parents have to ask questions, find information and become educated about immunisation. To help them do this, the government should make sure doctors and nurses are very well informed and honest about parents’ concerns. Good information about the dangers of vaccines as well as how well they work needs to be freely available to everyone.
In conclusion, although immunisation is not completely safe, it is very useful. Nonetheless, it should be the right of each individual parent to make that choice, not government. In order to help parents though, governments and doctors should make information about the dangers and benefits of immunisation readily available for all parents.
(291 words)
PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES: In the 21st century, many cities are being rapidly developed. In this process, the needs of special interest groups, such as people with physical disabilities, are sometimes not taken into account. How can society improve conditions for people with physical disabilities? (A)____________________________________________
Disabled people living in our cities daily face challenging and potentially difficult situations which society must consider. This essay will offer suggestions as to how conditions may be improved for people with physical disabilities.
One of the most important ways in which life can be improved for disabled people is the provision of financial support. Some disabled people may have difficulties due to the cost of special equipment or care which they require. The government could offer assistance through a range of measures including tax deductions for equipment such as wheelchairs, or loan assistance for major purchases. Even such measures as concession passes for transport or entertainment would assist in improving life for the disabled.
The special needs of people with disabilities must be taken into account by the education system and appropriate services provided. For example, the blind would benefit from access to computers which convert text to voice. The deaf may need special tutors skilled in sign language. The goal, however, would be the integration of the disabled into the regular school system while maintaining these services.
Employment is a third factor which must be considered. In order that disabled people can be given equal opportunity to work and contribute to society in every possible field, the government could establish quotas for disabled workers in large companies. Moreover, financial incentives such as tax rebates could be offered to smaller companies who hire disabled workers.
Thus, conditions for the physically disabled can be proved in a number of ways including providing financial support, adequate educational services and equal employment opportunities. Through the pursuit of these goals, society can ensure that life for the disabled is rewarding and fulfilling.
(279 words)
AID TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: "The best way to help developing countries is to give them financial aid”. Write an essay agreeing or disagreeing with this statement. Suggest possible alternatives to this ap____________________ proach. (A)_____
Providing financial aid for poor developing nations is certainly a very good way to help them and their people. However, I do not agree that it is the only way to help them, or in fact, the best way.
Firstly, wealthy nations could create dependency in the poorer nations and prevent economic development if only giving aid. I believe it would be better for the rich to loan small sums of money directly to the people of poorer countries and to provide training and expertise to assist them to develop their own economies. This would not help each recipient only financially, but also improve their self-esteem, provide better health, housing and education for their family and give them new skills. These skills could then be passed on to others in the community and therefore help a greater number of people. Added to this, with the prospering of each business, contributions are made to the economy as a whole through taxes.
Secondly, it seems to be that there is never enough money to go around. If money were loaned and repaid instead of being given way, the loans could be recycled and used by more people.
There are instances of course where small loans are not suitable. In situations such as devastation by war or famine and total lack of infrastructure, large amounts of financial assistance are needed at a government level for things like electricity, health services and educational institutions. Micro finance cannot provide these.
In conclusion, I believe providing monetary aid to less developed countries is necessary. In times of crisis this is essential. However, I do think that providing small loans to individuals is indeed a very viable option that has positive consequences for entire communities. _______________________________________________________________ (288 words)
TRADITIONAL WAYS OF LIFE: When a country develops its technology, the traditional skills
and ways of life die out. It is pointless to try and keep them alive. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion? (A)___________________________________________________________________________________________
Overall, I disagree with the opinion expressed. I would like to begin by pointing out that ‘traditional skills and ways of life’ are not automatically of one country, but of a culture or community.
In many ways, the history of civilization is the history of technology: from the discovery of fire to the invention of the wheel to the development of the Internet, we have been moving on from previous ways of doing things. Some technologies, such as weapons of mass destruction, are of negative impact. Others, such as medical advances, positively help people to live better or longer, and so very much help traditional ways of life. Surely, few people would seek to preserve such traditions as living in caves!
Interestingly, technology can positively contribute to the keeping alive of traditional skills and ways of life. For example, the populations of some islands are too small to have normal schools. Rather than breaking families by sending children to the mainland, education authorities have been able to use the Internet to deliver schooling online. In addition, the Internet, and modern refrigeration techniques, are being used to keep alive the traditional skills of producing salmon; it can now be ordered from and delivered to, anywhere in the world.
In conclusion, without suggesting that all technology is necessarily good, I think it is by no means ‘pointless’, in any way, to try to keep traditions alive with technology. We should not ignore technology, because it can be our friend and support our way of life.
(253 words)
Еще по теме WASTE DISPOSAL: Waste disposal is an increasing problem, especially in ur ban areas. What can governments and individuals do to reduce the amount of rubbish that is produced? (G, A)________________________________________________________:
- ENVIRONMENT: The responsibility for the environment rests with the individual and not only with the government. Do you agree? (G, A)___________________
- ВАРИАНТЫ ЭКЗАМЕНАЦИОННЫХ ЗАДАНИЙ[10]
- Подводим итоги
- УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
- Образец содержания и структуры курсовой работы
- СУД ПРИСЯЖНЫХ В РОССИИ:
- Упражнение 25
- Прямая и непрямая экспроприация как виды экспроприации. Меры, эквивалентные экспроприации
- Четвёртый квалифицирующий признак – «вести переговоры».
- Упражнение 9
- УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
- Задание 11
- АДМИНИСТРАТИВНОЕ ЗАДЕРЖАНИЕ: ПРОБЕЛЫ В ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬНОМ РЕГУЛИРОВАНИИ
- РОЛЬ СУДЕБНОЙ СИСТЕМЫ В ФОРМИРОВАНИИ КОНТРАКТНОЙ СИСТЕМЫ
- УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
- КОНСТИТУЦИОННОЕ ПРАВО НАРОДОВ НА САМООПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ - ПРАВО ИНДИВИДУАЛЬНОЕ ИЛИ КОЛЛЕКТИВНОЕ?
- Как подать противоположные точки зрения?
- Список литературы
- 4. Conclusions